Finally, it is critical that participants in any surveillance understand what is being asked of them and how their individual data will be used. In addition, it is important that patients understand that surveillance is an ongoing process and its full impact often requires a substantial period of time to be fully realized.
Data collected as part of a public health surveillance system can be used to estimate the magnitude of a problem, identify groups at higher risk of having poorer outcomes, examine relationships between risk factors and outcomes, develop interventions and with continued monitoring assess the effectiveness of the interventions to modify the complications or outcomes.
The results of analyses from surveillance data can be useful for many purposes including health care and patient advocacy, providing a basis for priority setting and allocation of health care resources, ensuring the availability of better data on population health and supporting medical care quality assurance and quality improvement efforts. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author manuscript; available in PMC Jul Michael Soucie , PhD. Michael Soucie. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Contact Information. Copyright notice. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Hematology.
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract Public health surveillance is the ongoing collection, analysis and dissemination of health related data to provide information that can be used to monitor and improve the health of populations. Keywords: Surveillance, data collection, hemophilia, comprehensive care, public health.
Surveillance and hemophilia Surveillance has been used to address issues of great importance to the hemophilia population of the United States and around the world. Conclusion Data collected as part of a public health surveillance system can be used to estimate the magnitude of a problem, identify groups at higher risk of having poorer outcomes, examine relationships between risk factors and outcomes, develop interventions and with continued monitoring assess the effectiveness of the interventions to modify the complications or outcomes.
Acknowledgments The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References 1. Planning a public health surveillance system. The occurrence of hemophilia in the United States.
Am J Hematol. A model for a regional system of care to promote health and well-being for people with rare chronic genetic disorders. Am J Public Health. Mortality among males with hemophilia: relations with source of medical care.
Home-based factor infusion therapy and hospitalization for bleeding complications among males with hemophilia. Changes in the occurrence of and risk factors for hemophilia-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Prevalence and risk factors for heart disease among males with hemophilia. Renal disease among males with hemophilia. Risk factors for infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in a large cohort of hemophilic males.
The universal data collection surveillance system for rare bleeding disorders. Am J Prev Med. Hemophilia Treatment Center Network. The longitudinal effect of body adiposity on joint mobility in young males with hemophilia A. The data provided is clear, unbiased and accurate, but must be obtained under legal means as medical data is kept with the strictest regulations. It involves adding measurement to a study or research.
An example would be sourcing data from an archive. The concept of Existing data means that data is collected from existing sources to investigate research questions other than those for which the data were originally gathered.
Tools to collect existing data include:. This is a data collection method by which information on a phenomenon is gathered through observation. The nature of the observation could be accomplished either as a complete observer, an observer as a participant, a participant as an observer, or as a complete participant.
This method is a key base for formulating a hypothesis. Observation involves the active acquisition of information from a primary source. Observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The best tools for Observation are:. The opposite of quantitative research which involves numerical-based data, this data collection method focuses more on qualitative research. It falls under the primary category for data based on the feelings and opinions of the respondents.
This research involves asking open-ended questions to a group of individuals usually ranging from people, to provide feedback. A focus group is a data collection method that is tightly facilitated and structured around a set of questions.
The purpose of the meeting is to extract from the participants' detailed responses to these questions. The best tools for tackling Focus groups are:. This method of data collection encompasses the use of innovative methods to enhance participation to both individuals and groups.
Also under the primary category, it is a combination of Interviews and Focus Groups while collecting qualitative data. This method is key when addressing sensitive subjects. The Combination Research method involves two or more data collection methods, for instance, interviews as well as questionnaires or a combination of semi-structured telephone interviews and focus groups. The best tools for combination research are:. With Formplus, you can create your unique survey form. With options to change themes, font colour, font, font type, layout, width, and more, you can create an attractive survey form.
The builder also gives you as many features as possible to choose from and you do not need to be a graphic designer to create a form. Form Analytics, a feature in formplus helps you view the number of respondents, unique visits, total visits, abandonment rate, and average time spent before submission. Copy the link to your form and embed as an iframe which will automatically load as your website loads, or as a popup which opens once the respondent clicks on the link.
Embed the link on your Twitter page to give instant access to your followers. The geolocation feature on Formplus lets you ascertain where individual responses are coming. It utilises Google Maps to pinpoint the longitude and latitude of the respondent, to the nearest accuracy, along with the responses. This feature helps to conserve horizontal space as it allows you to put multiple options in one field.
This translates to including more information on the survey form. Formplus gives you a free plan with basic features you can use to collect online data. Create Online Questionnaire or Survey for Free. Input your survey title and use the form builder choice options to start creating your surveys. Use the choice option fields like single select, multiple select, checkbox, radio, and image choices to create your preferred multi-choice surveys online.
Do you want customers to rate any of your products or services delivery? Use the rating to allow survey respondents rate your products or services. This is an ideal quantitative research method of collecting data.
Beautify your online questionnaire with Formplus Customisation features. You can;. Edit your survey questionnaire settings for your specific needs. Choose where you choose to store your files and responses. Change the Email Notifications inventory and initiate an autoresponder message to all your survey questionnaire respondents. You can also transfer your forms to other users who can become form administrators. Share links of your survey questionnaire page with customers. You can start sharing your link to your survey questionnaire with your customers.
View your Responses to the Survey Questionnaire. Toggle with the presentation of your summary from the options. Whether as a single, table or cards. With online form builder analytics, a business can determine;. Try out Formplus today. You can start making your own surveys with the Formplus online survey builder. By applying these tips, you will definitely get the most out of your online surveys. On the template, you can collect data to measure customer's satisfaction over key areas like the commodity purchase and the level of service they received.
It also gives insight as to which products the customer enjoyed, how often they buy such a product, and whether or not the customer is likely to recommend the product to a friend or acquaintance. With this template, you would be able to measure, with accuracy, the ratio of male to female, age range and a number of unemployed persons in a particular country as well as obtain their personal details such as names and addresses.
Respondents are also able to state their religious and political views about the country under review. Identifying this product or service and documenting how long the customer has used them. The overall satisfaction is measured as well as the delivery of the services. The likelihood that the customer also recommends said product is also measured. The online questionnaire template houses the respondent's data as well as educational qualification to collect information to be used for academic research.
Respondents can also provide their gender, race, a field of study as well as present living conditions as prerequisite data for the research study.
The template is a data sheet containing all the relevant information of a student. The student's name, home address, guardians name, a record of attendance as well as performance in school is well represented on this template.
This is a perfect data collection method to deploy for a school or an education organizations. Also included is a record for interaction with others as well as a space for a short comment on the overall performance and attitude of the student. This online interview consent form template allows interviewee sign off their consent to use the interview data for research or report for journalist.
With premium features like short text fields, upload, e-signature, etc. Ans: Combination Research. The best data collection method for a researcher for gathering qualitative data which generally is data relying on the feelings, opinions and beliefs of the respondents would be Combination Research. The reason why combination research is the best fit is that it encompasses the attributes of Interviews and Focus Groups.
It is also useful when gathering data that is sensitive in nature. It can be described as all-purpose quantitative data collection method. Above all, combination research improves the richness of data collected when compared with other data collection methods for qualitative data.
The best data collection method a researcher can employ in gathering quantitative data which takes into consideration data that can be represented in numbers and figures that can be deduced mathematically is the Questionnaire. These can be administered to a large number of respondents, while saving cost. For quantitative data that may be bulky or voluminous in nature, the use of a Questionnaire makes such data easy to visualize and analyze. Another key advantage of the Questionnaire is that it can be used to compare and contrast previous research work done to measure changes.
To make sense of this raw information for your business, In a time when data is becoming easily accessible to researchers all over the world, the practicality of utilizing secondary data for Data cleaning is one of the important processes involved in data analysis, with it being the first step after data collection. It is a very As global industrialization continues to transform, it is becoming evident that there is a ubiquity of large datasets driven by the need Pricing Templates Features Login Sign up.
Sign up on Formplus Builder to create your preferred online surveys or questionnaire for data collection. You don't need to be tech-savvy! Start creating quality questionnaires with Formplus. Types of Data Collection Before broaching the subject of the various types of data collection. Primary Data Collection Primary data collection by definition is the gathering of raw data collected at the source. Qualitative Research Method The qualitative research methods of data collection do not involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher.
Quantitative Method Quantitative methods are presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce. Read Also: 15 Reasons to Choose Quantitative over Qualitative Research Use Formplus as a Primary Data Collection Tool Secondary Data Collection Secondary data collection, on the other hand, is referred to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the original user.
Walking you through them, here are a few reasons; Integrity of the Research A key reason for collecting data, be it through quantitative or qualitative methods is to ensure that the integrity of the research question is indeed maintained.
Reduce the likelihood of errors The correct use of appropriate data collection of methods reduces the likelihood of errors consistent with the results. Decision Making To minimize the risk of errors in decision-making, it is important that accurate data is collected so that the researcher doesn't make uninformed decisions.
Save Cost and Time Data collection saves the researcher time and funds that would otherwise be misspent without a deeper understanding of the topic or subject matter.
What is a Data Collection Tool? Structured Interviews - Simply put, it is a verbally administered questionnaire. In terms of depth, it is surface level and is usually completed within a short period. For speed and efficiency, it is highly recommendable, but it lacks depth. Semi-structured Interviews - In this method, there subsist several key questions which cover the scope of the areas to be explored. It allows a little more leeway for the researcher to explore the subject matter.
Necessary data entry staffing is often underestimated, and the data entry process can become a bottleneck. Field team staffing concerns to consider include the following:. In addition to epidemiologic, scientific, and disease knowledge, a highly skilled data manager with a firm understanding of public health informatics might be needed on-site as a member of the field team. To be most effective, this person should be familiar with existing surveillance systems, practices, and procedures.
Field investigators should have a low threshold for requesting such support if not part of the initial team. Field investigators might need to manage noncase data stored in different systems, requiring field teams to have access or collect and aggregate the information; in other situations, the field team might need to create a means of tracking data from multiple sources. For example,. The customizable function in REDCap enabled IDPH to rapidly modify the existing Ebola virus disease module to create a measles-specific questionnaire for supporting the measles contact investigation.
Postevaluation found REDCap simplified follow-up by reducing staff time and effort for monitoring contacts identified as being at low risk for developing infection. Moreover, the system supported rapid prioritization of persons who needed further follow-up among those contacts failing to report their symptoms daily. To enhance the tool for future use, Spanish and Polish language translation options, a vaccination history data collection tool, and the ability to manage multiple contacts within one household were requested As an emerging field, informatics is only vaguely familiar to some professionals in public health.
Public health informatics specialists design and implement public health— related systems that efficiently handle data crucial to public health practice.
Informatics tools and approaches if applied well can find an appropriate balance between the ideal of public health informatics practice and the reality of field data collection Public health informaticians are trained to understand public health programs and their data needs as well as information system design—it is this dual training that distinguishes them from most public health agency IT workers.
Health IT service professionals are often confused with public health informatics specialists. Health IT service professionals should be able to resolve infrastructure problems such as network connections, whereas trained public health informaticians should be able to support public health decisions by facilitating the availability of timely, relevant, and high-quality information by calling on a broad array of disciplines, including IT architecture and security, statistics, data management science, and systems theory Because field investigations evolve rapidly, description of specific technologies or programs to support outbreaks, surveillance, and data collections can become outdated quickly Table 5.
Ideally, public health agencies should use modern technologies to facilitate public health practice. In reality, public health agencies may struggle to incorporate new technology, in part because of the lack of resources and availability of savvy informatics staff in the field Many health departments have restrictive lists of approved software, although exceptions or new approvals can often be expedited during outbreak responses if the need or role the desired software will serve can be demonstrated.
Many state-based reportable disease surveillance systems have integrated outbreak management modules 7. Some other free software packages e. Numerous survey tools are designed for handling onetime data collection e. Equally important are data management and analysis of collected data.
Google Maps Google Inc. Be aware, however, that confidentiality can be a serious problem when creating point maps of people with disease, exposure, or injury. Worldwide adoption of the Internet has enabled a new class of participatory systems that enable people to contribute and share information and collaborate in real time Social media applications e.
Using social media for both pushing and pulling information can be helpful during outbreaks to support distribution of public health messaging and to support active case finding.
These types of data have been used to derive signals of important health trends faster and more broadly than more traditional case reporting systems For example, New York City has used social media for active case finding, contact identification, and evaluation of education and prevention messaging during a community-based outbreak of Neisseria meningitidis 17,18 Box 5.
Rigorous evaluation of the reproducibility, reliability, and utility of data derived from these new data sources is an area of active research The final tally of cases that occurred during August —February was 22 cases 7 deaths , of which only 7 cases were in people who were not MSM.
Although the attack rate of N. NYC DOHMH obtained cell phone logs to identify who the case-patients had called, who had called them, and incoming and outgoing text messages. One phone number was common among three persons, and investigators discovered these three men had attended events together Review of cell phones themselves proved effective in identifying common apps among patients and exploring links among them i.
Information was distributed through Twitter Twitter, Inc. During this outbreak, use of technology and social media was evaluated to assess the effectiveness of education and control measures. During this outbreak, use of social media supported the outbreak response through active case finding, contact tracing, and communication of education and prevention messages. The pervasive use of technology in healthcare and in everyday life will continue to propel and transform public health surveillance and data collection and management during field investigations.
Mobile devices hold particular promise for data collection because they can be used as point-of-care devices, perform exposure monitoring, conduct health status monitoring, function in remote locations, and are readily carried and used at any time 20, In the future, maturation of data interoperability standards will facilitate more immediate information sharing.
The evolution of public health informatics and use of technologies in field responses will continue to require ingenuity and adaptation and provide exciting opportunities during response events. Janet Hamilton is grateful for the understanding, encouragement, and love of her husband, Eric I.
Hamilton and her children Jackson and Elaine who allowed mom more weekend and night computer time. The application period for EIS Class of is now closed.
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Definitions and Assumptions. For the purposes of this chapter, the terms outbreak and field investigation represent any acute public health problem requiring urgent epidemiologic investigation, including Infectious disease outbreaks; Clusters of cancers, birth defects, or poisonings; Environmental exposures; Diseases or conditions of unknown etiology; Natural disasters; or Threats arising from events elsewhere in the world.
In this chapter, the term technology refers broadly to Computers, Software applications, Mobile devices, Personal health status monitoring devices, Laboratory equipment, Environmental monitors and sensors, and EHRs. Technology is also used in regard to Public health surveillance systems; Ongoing public health databases; Purpose-built databases for specific investigations; and Technologies that enable storing, managing, and querying data and sharing data among these devices and databases.
Guiding Principles for Selecting and Using Technologies. Two guiding principles for selecting and using technologies during a field response are: Technologies for data collection and management should streamline and directly support the workflow of field investigations rather than disrupt or divert resources and staff time away from epidemiologic investigations and related laboratory testing activities 2.
Technologies should facilitate more time for epidemiologists to be epidemiologists—to find better data, acquire them, clean them, and use data to better characterize the event, monitor its progress, or monitor the implementation or effectiveness of control measures—and more time for laboratorians to perform testing.
The choice of technology platforms should be driven by the Goals of the investigation; Training and skills of available staff; Existing infrastructure for gathering and managing case reports and other surveillance data; Number of geographically distinct data collection sites or teams expected and the number of jurisdictions involved; Speed and frequency with which interim summaries or situation reports are needed; Types of formal or analytic epidemiologic investigations expected e.
Top of Page. To support effective data collection and management, for all outbreaks, field investigators should Identify a role e. Packing Equipment and Preparing for Deployment. Establishing Working Relationships and Initial Arrival. The assessment should address Data types already collected and available, Data timeliness, Data completeness, How easily and rapidly systems or processes can be modified or changed, Equipment available e. Conducting Initial Characterization, Active Case Finding, and Monitoring In an outbreak setting, routine data management often changes because of new stressors or novel circumstances, particularly the need to almost immediately gather data, produce reports, and inform decision makers and the public see also Chapters 2 and 3.
However, such mechanisms might need to be enhanced; for example, investigators might need to Create a new syndrome or add new queries to an existing syndromic surveillance system; Ask physicians and laboratorians to report suspected and probable, as well as confirmed, cases; Conduct active case finding; and Provide laboratories with diagnostic direction or reagents or ask them to send specimens meeting certain criteria to the state public health laboratory.
Box 5. Handout 5. Tracking and Managing Other Types of Information. Field team staffing concerns to consider include the following: The number of persons collecting, entering or digitizing data, deployment lengths from rotating staff leads to the need for multiple trainings , deployment locations, and familiarity with and knowledge of technical tools. Available training time. Some level of in-event training is often needed.
Training staff for data collection and management during the field response can make introducing new technology incredibly difficult and can lead to a lack of acceptance or perceived acceptability of the new tools.
Interviewing skill sets, languages spoken, and interview locations. Team member personal safety and equipment safety. Using Public Health Informatics. Using Traditional or Widely Used Applications. Table 5. Might be commercial off- the- shelf products e. Understanding the Future of Technology in Field Investigations. Check back in March for the next application opportunity. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website.
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